The Buzz around Bee Decline:
Are Artificial Pollinators the Solution to a Critical Problem?

Insect pollinators are under attack from multiple threats in the UK. There is no single factor that is responsible for the falling number of bees, instead it is commonly understood that a combination of factors, including habitat loss, disease and the use of pesticides in industrial farming, have contributed to changes in pollinators and pollination in areas where declines in bee health and numbers have been observed.

While the extent to which each of these factors impacts the bee population is unclear, it is evident that changes in agricultural land use and rapid urbanisation have had a significant effect on the natural behaviour of bees.

Over the course of the 20th century, the UK lost just short of 98% of its grassland. The knock on effects of intensified agricultural land management, largely fuelled by policies to enhance food security and increase production, meant that the flower-rich habitat in which bees thrived, gave way to vast monocultures of crops with little to offer insect pollinators.

“We've been losing habitat, particularly flower rich kind of habitats like meadows for at least a hundred years so there is less food for them and less places for them to nest,” explains Goulson. “We replaced a lot of that flowery habitat with big monocultures of crops; fields of wheat and barley which have nothing really to offer a bee.”

New and foreign diseases have also been linked to the declining bee population in the UK. Honey bees in particular have been widely exported and shipped from country to country, exposing them to parasites and illnesses that they are ill equipped to handle. For western bee keepers the varroa parasite has been a key cause of bee death.

Originating in Asia, the varroa mite was not seen in Europe until the 1970s. Unlike their Asian counterparts, western bees had no defence against the parasite. The result was a disaster for bee keepers. Varroa mites transmit pathogens like viruses and bacteria which are damaging to bee health, which have wiped out entire populations of western honey bees over recent years. 

The final threat to pollinators is possibly the most controversial: a class of insecticides called neonicotinoids (neonics). Introduced in the 1990s, neonics have been the subject of heated debate over the past decade.

“They've become the biggest selling brand of insecticide in the world,” said Goulson. “But as soon as they started being used, beekeepers started saying: 'These things are killing our bees'.”

Neonics are mainly used as seed coating, which is applied before the seed is sold to farmers. As a treated seed germinates, the chemicals are absorbed into its tissue and move through the xylem into the flowers, pollen, nectar and guttation fluid as the plant grows. If a crop pest tries to take a bite out of a treated plant, the insecticide will attack the insect’s central nervous system and bind to the receptors of the enzyme nicotinic acetylcholine, resulting in convulsions, paralysis and death.

As bees go about their pollinating business, they run the risk of coming into contact with flowering crops, such as oilseed rape, that have been treated with neonics. While low levels of exposure do not normally kill bees directly, they may impact some bees’ ability to foraging for nectar, learn and remember where flowers are located, and may even impair their ability to find their way home to the nest or hive.

But according to Goulson, the effects of neonics are not limited to crop fields. Research suggests that the insecticide may be impacting vital flower-rich habitat surrounding crop fields.

“It turns out that most of the chemical isn't sucked up by the roots of the plant at all,” he says. “It's going into the soil and leaching into streams and being taken up by wildflowers with their roots in the edge of the field.”

“If you put those things together: the bees have got nowhere to nest, they're hungry because they can't find any food, when they do find food it's probably got insecticides in it and they're also suffering from some foreign disease; it's not surprising that sometimes the bees can't cope.”

So how can the food industry tackle such a critical threat? In an ideal world, there would be a simple solution to reverse the damage already done to the bee population, but while researchers and environmental activists search for a way to prevent further decline among the remaining bee population, tech-minded experts have been exploring an alternative solution to the problem of insect pollination – drones.

 
One such drone is the brainchild of Eijiro Miyako, of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, in Tsukuba, Japan. The robotic insect, unveiled in 2017, looks little like the tradition black and yellow-striped bees that populate the British countryside; rather, it is a modified version of a robot quadcopter.

This 1.6-inch by 1.6-inch quadcopter is coated with animal hair bristles to mimic the fuzzy body of a real bee, as well as a special sticky gel, developed by Miyako in 2007. Unlike conventional gels, which can lose their adhesive properties over time, Miyako’s ionic liquid gel stays sticky after multiple uses, making it ideal for transferring pollen from one plant to another.

This isn’t the first time scientists have experimented with robotic pollinators bees. In 2013, a team of researchers from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University and the Harvard John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) revealed a similar concept – the RoboBee.

Roughly half the size of a paperclip and weighing less than a gram, the man-made design used two wafer-thin wings to achieve vertical take-off, hovering and steering. But, while this was a big achievement for the team, the design was a long way off competing with the naturally occurring efficiency and capability of real bees. That said, the project has made significant progression since 2013.

Last year, the team unveiled the latest-generation RoboBee, a hybrid system described in Science Robotics as being able to fly, dive into water, swim, propel itself back out of the water and land safely.

But not everyone is excited at the prospect of artificial pollinators.

“It would be extremely expensive and costly for the environment to go down that route when we already have bees that are free, that are self-replicating, are carbon neutral and have been pollinating for 120 million years,” argues Goulson. “Trying to manufacture a viable alternative just seems like a really clumsy and expensive alternative to something that we already have. That money could be so much better spent looking after the bees that we've already got.”